Managing Diversity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Diversity - Assignment Example Successful organisations take pride in implementing diversity at work places and they devote some resources as well for taking care of this challenge. The changing demographics of UK further compound this challenge. There are a large number of ethnic minorities in UK, and a recent study projects that, by 2020 half of UK's population will be over-50, and a third of those between 50 and retirement age will be classified as disabled. Government of UK has also realized the need for paying more attention towards the diversity in the society and managing it. The 'Commission for Equality and Human Rights (CEHR)' has been set up by the Equality Act 2006, which emphasizes2 that 'Equality, diversity, and respect for the human rights and dignity of every man, woman and child are core values that define our lives in Britain.' The vision for the CEHR is based on the Government's view that equality is not a minority concern - it matters to every citizen. The commission will be fully functional by October 2007. While the spirit behind this act has got an overwhelming support from HR practitioners, apprehensions3 are also expressed by many speakers during a conference on race, held in London in November 2006. while HR professionals are taking a sigh of relief that the legislative mess of dealing with 35 Acts, 52 statutory instruments and 13 codes of practice on equality issues will be over with the implementation of CEHR, there are other speakers during this conference, who believe that racial concerns will slip down the agenda once they become just one part of the body's work, as it gears up to fight discrimination on seven fronts. A survey4 of 112 HR practitioners by Personnel Today's sister publication IRS Employment Review, shows that respondents hope the CEHR will make things simpler. It is worthwhile here to note that implementation of any law in letter and spirit depends on the intentions of the organisation and how seriously it values the corporate social responsibility. Therefore CEHR will have more of a guiding and nudging role in carrying out the tasks. In fact the survey findings also point out that 81% respondents would be happy if the commission just issued advice on good practice and tools for employers, rather than carry out investigations (40%) and legal enforcement (31%). Diversity Strategy and Organisational Effectiveness The global economy has made it almost mandatory for international corporations that an effective strategy is adopted for managing the diversity. Companies are moving towards flatter organizational structures, and the global economy is allowing the movement of the workforce across national boundaries, effective interaction amongst diverse workers becomes more critical for the smooth organizational functioning. In fact now that debate has started whether the concept of 'managing diversity; forms an alternative to 'equal opportunities' based on gender bias. In the UK, human resource practitioners and academics alike are becoming more aware of the emergence of managing diversity. There is now a view that, after twenty years of the '

Business Administration Essay Example for Free

Business Administration Essay You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Please note that this Assessment document has 8 pages and is made up of 7 Sections. Name: Sophie Griffith-Allen Section 1 – Know the employment rights and responsibilities of the employee and employer 1. Identify four main points that would be included in a contract of employment. If possible, use an example contract to support your answer (feel free to obscure any confidential information). In a contract of employment there are certain details which need to be included about the employer and employee, such as their names. Other information that must be included are about the job itself, such as job title, date of employment, duties and responsibilities that are expected from the employee. At Morrisons a probationary period of 13 weeks is included in a contract of employment and the employees contracted hours of work per week. 2a) List three key points of legislation that affect employers in a business  environment. Health and safety Act 1974 Copyright designs and patents Act 1988- Copyright refers to laws that control the use of the work of a creator, such as an artist or author. For a copyright to apply to a piece of work it must be an original idea of their own that is put to use. Data protection Act 1998 2b) List three key points of legislation that affect employees in a business environment. †¢ Pensions- Are very important for employees as the government think that people aren’t saving enough money towards pensions, as of 2012 pensions will undergo a considerable amount of change. †¢ Pay-there is lots of legislation about employee pay. Some examples include: The Equality Act 2010 which contains measures to protect women from being paid less than men for doing the same job. †¢ The National Minimum Wage Act 1998 an Act that was introduced to prevent very low pay. †¢ Employment rights and responsibilities- ‘Employees are expected to carry out their work in a way that has regard to the safety of others. Employers are expected to abide by a range of requirements governing such aspects as providing safe machinery and equipment, carrying out regular health and safety checks, ensuring the training of employees in health and safety issues, and carrying out a risk assessment to assess the dangers of particular work activities.’ http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/business-theory/people/rights-and-responsibilities-of-employers-and-employees.html#axzz2ENr4by5I 3. Identify a range of places where a person can find information on employment rights and responsibilities. You should identify at least two internal and two external sources of information. Sources of information where a person can find information on employment  rights and responsibilities are internal sources, such as books and documents held within the organisation, informed colleagues and line managers. Another source of information is external which are found outside of an organisation, such as libraries, the government, equality and human rights commission. 4. Describe how representative bodies can support employees. Representative bodies are one of the ways that employees can receive help and support in the work place. The best known examples of representative bodies are trade unions, which are a large organisation that represent the interests of their membership, they can offer assistance through work based representatives and they will also have regional and national expertise that they can use. Union representatives have a right to paid time to help employees, some of the areas where they can support employees are health and safety, workforce agreement, pensions, information and consultation representation. 5. Briefly describe employer and employee responsibilities for equality and diversity in a business environment. You should give at least two employer responsibilities and two employee responsibilities. If possible, provide relevant equality and diversity procedures from your workplace (or place of study) to support your answer. These documents should be annotated to highlight the relevant sections. In any organisation it is important for everyone to be treated equally. Employees and employers should be treated in a fair way and to be given equal opportunities. This is why there are certain responsibilities to be followed by employees and employers to prevent discrimination, such as people who are doing the same job equally well should all be rewarded fairly. It is morally right to treat people fairly and to avoid unfair discrimination. To prevent discriminatory and unfair behaviour there have  been many laws put in place. Both employers and employees should make sure that inappropriate labelling, stereotyping and prejudice do not influence the way an organisation operates. ‘At Morrisons the issue of equality and diversity are taken very seriously. They recruit, develop and keep the most talented people regardless of gender, race, disability, age sexual orientation, religion and nationality. Morrisons is dedicated to being an equal opportunities employer and support all employees to make the best of their skills’. ‘’Our policy aims to ensure that no job applicant or employee receives less favourable treatment. We will treat staff, potential staff and the public fairly and with dignity’’. 6. Briefly explain the benefits of making sure equality and diversity procedures are followed in a business environment. Your answer should include one benefit for the employer, one benefit for the employee and one benefit for the overall organisation. Benefits of making sure equality and diversity procedures are followed in a business environment are: Employer: Reduces the incidence of bullying and harassment. Employee: Employees will want to work harder, they feel valued, happier and more efficient. It will increase the chance of open competition for opportunities. Overall organisation: As employees are treated with equality organisations will be more successful. Helps to maintain morale and motivation of the workforce leading to increased quality of products, overall it will become more of a successful organisation. Section 2 – Understand the purpose of health, safety and security procedures  in a business environment 1. Identify employer and employee responsibilities for health, safety and security. If possible, provide relevant health, safety and security policies / documents from your workplace (or place of study) to support your answer. These documents should be annotated to highlight the relevant sections. Employers and employees in any organisation have a legal duty that the working environments are safe and secure. The health and safety Act should be followed at all times. Employer responsibilities: Are to provide a secure, healthy and safe workplace that is free from hazards recognised by the organisation. Ensure that employees have safe tools, equipment and materials. Ensure that equipment provided is always properly maintained. Employers must report any fatal accidents. Employers must provide employees with accurate training and medical examinations when required. Employees responsibilities: Are to inform employers of any hazards that have accrued in the workplace. Report job-related accidents that result to injuries and illnesses. Follow the regulations of health and safety that are set by the employer. Familiarise and obey with the organisations standards. ‘Morrisons are committed to achieving and maintaining the highest standards of health, safety and security standards across the company. All staff at Morrisons receives regular health and safety training. There are many rules that all staff at Morrisons must follow in order to prevent any harm not only to staff but to their customers as well, such as always checking floor surfaces are clean with no spillages etc. Morrisons makes sure that there are always staff present that are first aid qualified in case of any incidents or accidents that have taken place. If any accidents or incidents  did occur within Morrisons all staff recognise that they must be reported as soon as possible.’ 2. Explain the purpose of following health, safety and security procedures in a business environment. The purpose of following health, safety and security procedures in a business environment include: Ensuring the safety and welfare of the individual and others is kept at all times. Ensuring the business/organisation is following relevant legislation. 3. Describe three different ways of maintaining a safe and secure business environment. Ensuring all employees have the necessary safety equipment. Taking time to find where health, safety and security responsibilities lie. To promote a safe working environment is to make sure that safety equipment used by employees is often maintained. Workers must always wear suitable clothing given for the job. Organisations should require that each new member of staff receive and read a company handbook highlighting all safety procedures, and receive regular health and safety training. Having an employee sign a statement that he/she understands and is willing to follow all safety and regulations at all times.

Green Energy Means Renewable Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

Green Energy Means Renewable Energy Environmental Sciences Essay Green energy means renewable energy that is vast alternative for the use of fossil fuels such as petroleum. Other conventional method used to provide electricity is such as geothermal, biomass, ocean, solar, wind, hydro, hydrogen fuel cells and etc. Biomass energy is derived from the wastes and animal dung either by burning it or just leaving the wastes to lay off by itself to get biofuel or biogas. Ocean energy is gained from the sea and there are two types of them such as thermal energy and mechanical energy. Hydrogen must go through reformation process or electrolysis process to be able to use for the fuel cells to provide electricity. The objective of the project is to choose seven types of renewable energies and explain its applications and advantages in detail. 1. Introduction Green energy is sustainable energy, which means meeting the needs of the present without compromising the future[2]. These alternative energy sources are said to be not harmful to humans and environment and also arenon polluting energy sources. It basically reduces pollution and the impact on the environment that the existing energy source is causing now and in the past by conventional energy sources such as fossil fuel, coal and wood. These are non renewable energy sources, also known as the brown energy[1]. These sources are mainly used in the production of electricity, heating and fuel for boilers. They cause excessive amount of pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, together with particles that could harm humans. These pollutants are the main contributors to the greenhouse gases that cause global warning. Brown energy are also types of sources that are typically reducing on our earth, which means it could not be re-produced to be used in future. The main aim for this study on green energy is to literate the reader on what is green energy and the importance of these energy to substitute our current conventional energy resources. These report is also to identify the main types of green energies available for the current technology practised in our world today with the history of energy development that brought to the practice of green energy. 2. Green Energy Sources of green energy come from the nature itself, being free to be harvested. They are mainly derived from the sun (solar power), wind and water. Wind turbines have been used since old times to grind grains, where the term windmill is derived from. A more expensive source would come from nuclear and bioenergy (biofuel and biogas). Nuclear power is also categorized in green energy as it does not produce greenhouse gases. Waste from nuclear power plants are problematic and dangerous to be handled as it takes hundreds to thousands of years to decay before reaching the level that is not harmful to humans, plants and the animals. But in order to completely wipe out the usage of fossil fuels to produce electricity, the number of nuclear plants has to be increased so that greenhouse gases emissions can be cut down massively.[3] Energy from sun, wind and water are continuous but inconsistent. Rainy days that could affect solar power production and droughts that would affect water levels in dams are the main drawbacks of these energy sources. As renewable energy is sometimes inconsistent, excellent storage capacity is needed to store energy that are produced. It is usually windier in the night time, but the demand would be lesser. Nuclear plants generate so much power at a particular time that they cannot be used at once. So large battery banks are required in order to mesh with the electricity system and provide a consistent power supply. 2.1 History of Energy Development The history of energy consumption of human being dates back to 3000 BC where the Mesopotamians used petroleum to caulk ships and to build roads. Coals were used during the Bronze Age to heat up iron and shape them, as well as in the Roman culture. This long history of non-renewable energy usage has urged the emergence of green energy to replace them in order to keep the future generation safe.[4] 2000 B.C. Crude oil was used to light lamps and heat up homes by the Chinese. 200 B.C. Salt produced from brine using natural gas from underground by Chinese. 600 B.C. Static Electricity found by Thales of Miletus by rubbing amber. 250 400 A.D. First water-powered Mills built by the Romans 600 A.D. Greek Fire was invented by the Persians and Arabs, a form of burning liquid used greatly in the Byzantine Empire as weapon. 500 900 A.D Windmills were built to pump water and grind grains by the Persians. Late 1500s Coal was imported greatly by US, up to 108,000 tons until the 1800s. 1700s A kite that transmitted electricity through its wet cord was found by Ben Franklin. A breakthrough in electricity discovery. 1800-1826 US had the first electric utility. Mid 1800s-1950 Wood as the primary source of fuel, but decreased after the shift back to coal. 1870-1880 Gas and alcohol using first combustion engine. First U.S. power plant to produce electricity opened (Thomas Edisons Pearl Street Station) 1888 First wind turbine generating electricity in Cleveland, Ohio. Early 1900s Geothermal used to produce electricity commercially by the Italians 1938 Nuclear Fission discovered by the Germans. 1940-1950 The Atomic Energy Act implementation and the first electricity were produced by using nuclear power. 1950s First silicon solar cell was invented (solar photovoltaic). 1960s National Environmental Policy Act and Clean Air Act in US implementation to protect the environment and reduce pollution. 1970s Department of Energy (DOE) were formed. Water from power plant was controlled with Clean Water Act in 1972. 1974 Development of renewable energy was initiated and supported by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 1980s First wind farm built in the United States.2.2 Giga watts of power produced in California. 1990s Natural gas was used in almost 50percent of homes in US for heating. Towards the Greener Solution Till 2007, 24 states adopted policies for increasing the production of renewable energy. 2.2 Importance of Green Energy Research from scientific evidence are showing that what this present generation is doing will impact the environment in the next 50 100 years. The fact that only one earth is known by human being urges government and private sectors to find solutions to reduce pollution and having a lifestyle that is more eco-friendly. A few reasons on why green energy is important. Non renewable fossil fuels burning are causing greenhouse gases that cause global warming. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere, dissolving into raindrops and causing acid rains. Acid rains damages crops, plants and forests. Aquatic organisms are also affected by this as lakes and rivers pH levels are altered. Human built structures such as steel bridges, marble statues and limestone buildings are being eroded by acid rain.[10] Figure 3 is a pie chart showing the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. by gas type. Fossil fuels such as oil and coal are also supply that is not endless. Sooner or later the supply will vanish and unavailable for future generations. Wind, water and solar energy are constant, sustainable and 100 percent clean energy. It does not cause negative impact on environment such as pollutant and waste. This energy type is free as well. Humans would benefits in health as reduced pollutants would provide cleaner and more breathable air. Lands would be saved as waste management is not necessary. Cleaner water for domestic usage and aquatic organism a would be available. Jobs opportunity would arise in rural areas as most renewable energy plants are located far from cities. Regional development also would benefit from this.[8][9] 3. Types of Green Energy 3.1 Biomass Biomass is derived from farm wastes, animal wastes, plant oils, crops and some kind of garbage [11]. Energy that is generated from the wastes is called bio power or bioenergy [11]. Biomass can be processed further to obtain biofuels or burned directly to obtain bioenergy[11]. The energy obtained from burning the wastes can be converted into heat, electricity and mechanical energy [1]. 3.1.1 Types of biofuels Solid form its obtained from the burning of organic material such as animal wastes, wood, grain and other types of garbages [11]. Liquid form- its obtained straight from the plant and does not involves any burning of material [1]. Biodiesel can be taken as an example for this type of form. It is extracted from vegetable oils or animal fats [11]. Gas form its obtained from organic waste such as dead plant and animal wastes when the organic material breakdown naturally without the need of oxygen [12]. Biogases consist of methane that is essential in terms of natural gas [12]. 3.1.2 Application of biomass Widely used in transportation in the form of gases Electricity generation plants Gas produced from the biomass gasifier must be cleaned first before cooling it down and use it as a fuel to run an IC engine that is coupled together with the generator [13]. Heat application Biomass is used as a fuel to provide energy for the fuel-fired furnace that is often used for high end outputs such as[13 ]: Forging furnace Ovens Kilns Dryers Small boilers Direct fire process heater Re-rolling mills 3.1.3 Benefits of biomass energy Biogases that are used as fuels gives more mileage for cheaper price compared to fossil fuels Energy from biomass has got no ending to it since human throw wastes in daily basis and animals also constantly produce muck Energy gained from burning the wastes releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and the carbon dioxide that is released from the burning is useful for the plants in terms of photosynthesis process. Each country has their wastes in terms of plants, animals dung and garbages, these materials is available locally. This can reduce the need for foreign investors in the country thus improve the nation economically as well Biomass in mass production can reduce the increase in global temperature significantly. 3.2 Ocean energy Ocean energy is gained from the sea. There are two types of energy gained from the ocean such as thermal energy and mechanical energy [15]. Thermal energy is gained by the difference in temperature between the warmer surface of the ocean and the deep cold ocean water [15]. Mechanical energy is gained from tidal and wave that is used to rotate the turbine to provide electricity in most of the power plants available [15]. 3.2.1 Types of energy gained 3.2.2 Thermal energy The difference between the temperatures should be around 38 Degree Fahrenheit in order to build a power plant that can fully utilize this temperature difference to make energy [16]. There are 3 types of cycles involved in electricity conversion system from the heat energy such as: Closed cycle The heat at the surface of the ocean water is used to vaporize an ammonia type of fluid which has low boiling point and the vapor expands to turn the turbine to produce electricity [15]. Open cycle The sea water in this case is kept at low pressure in order to force it to boil at low temperature and the steam produced from the sea water is then used to rotate the turbine to activate the generator to produce electricity[15]. Hybrid The combination of both open and closed cycles is used to rotate the turbine in a most economical way [15] 3.2.3 Mechanical energy Tidal energy its gained as the earth rotates and the gravitational pull of the moon. The principle of tidal energy is when the tides is at high point the water is trapped in the dam and as the tides began to reach the low point, the trapped water is released to rotate the turbine at high speed to generate electricity[15]. The concept is similar to hydroelectric power plants [6]. Wave energy Existing kinetic energy from the movement of the waves is used to power up the turbine [15]. The concept is simple that the waves from the ocean comes into the chamber from the right, as the rise of the waves will force the air to release from the chamber and the released air is the one that will rotate the turbine to provide electricity as shown in the figure 1 below[16]. The higher the waves, higher are the rotation of the turbine. http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story_old/images/chap14_wave_2007.gif Application of wave energy [16] 3.3 Hydrogen and fuel cells energy Hydrogen best identified as the simplest component [18]. One proton and one electron are the sub elements inside an atom of hydrogen [18]. It has a limitation is that it doesnt appear by its own in the earth. Hydrogen atom always combined together with other elements such as water [17][18]. The molecular weight of hydrogen is 1kmol and the lightest weigh among all the other natural components available in earth. Hydrogen can be separated from hydrocarbon by heating process and this is called reformation process [18]. Electric current also used to separate hydrogen from water and the separation process is called electrolysis [18]. Fuel cells function is to convert hydrogen to electricity directly without any other processes in between [18]. Reformation of methanol, gasoline and natural gas can provide hydrogen for the usage of fuel cells [18]. Methanol can be used directly for some fuel cells without any reformation process [18]. 3.3.1 Applications of hydrogen and fuel cells NASA used liquid nitrogen as a fuel for the space shuttles and other rockets. Liquid nitrogen does not emit any harmful material after the combustion [18]. The product of the conversion by hydrogen fuel cells is pure water that is used as drinking water by the astronauts [18]. Hydrogen powered vehicles is among the growing applications of energy since hydrogen fuel cells capable of providing power for buses[21]. Fuel cells also can provide electricity for a residential housing area that is big as a traditional AC unit [21]. It can operate 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. 3.3.2 Advantages of fuel cells Efficient conversion of energy from hydrogen to electricity without any combustion taking place and the byproduct is water[19][20] The noise level created from an operation of a fuel cell relatively much more quiet than the conventional motors[20] Easier maintenance since less moving parts[20] Life span is longer than a battery since it has no memory effect when its refueled[10] The source for fuel cells are hydrogen and it is available with water[20] Can reduce the nations usage of fossil fuels since fossil fuels come at higher price than hydrogen that is naturally available in the earth [20]. 3.4 Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy is a form of thermal energy stored by generation of heat from radioactive decay of minerals occurring inside the earth (80 percent) and from the original formation of the planet (20 percent).[6] Due to the temperature differences between the earth core and surface, continuous heat transfer occurs from the core to surface. Radioactive decaying of natural materials such as uranium and potassium that occurs at the core creates a temperature reaching over 5000 degree Celsius and very high pressure.[7] This high temperature and pressure causes melting of surrounding cooler rocks and these results in the formation of magma. This magma then heats up the rocks and water in the crust which can go up tp 370 degree Celsius.[6] In the range of 10kilometers of earth surface contains heat energy that is 50000 times more than all the oil and natural gas sources in the world.[7] The typical place that usually spots geothermal activities is regions with active volcanic activities. T his usually occurs at places where the earth crust is thin enough to let the heat out. Earthquake and magma movements breaks up the rocks covering and allows water to circulate, producing natural hot springs and geysers as the heated up water reaches the surface. As these hot and pressured water forms a reservoir type of containment underground, wells are usually constructed to harvest electricity or heat. 3.4.1 Applications Steam produced from the reservoir containing pressured and hot water are usually used to power turbines in power plants that generates electricity (Steam Turbine), while other power plants uses the hot water in the reservoir to boil a working fluid that vaporizes and moves a turbine. Heat produced by hot water near to the earth surface can be directly used for heating purpose. The applications that utilizes these direct heat includes heating buildings and homes purpose, growing plants in greenhouses, drying crops, heating water at fish farms, and also in pasteurizing milk processes at milk industries. This is done by using geothermal heat pumps. There is also formation of hot dry rocks, usually 4-10kilometers from earth surface. Technologies is existing to inject cold water onto these hot dry rocks, circulating them through the cracks of the rocks and drawing back the heat from another well located at the end of the water circuit.[5] http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/images/131_geothermal_energy.gif Water pumped down through injection well and collected at production well. http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/images/ce/geopower3.gif How geothermal heat used to power turbines. 3.5 Hydropower Hydro means water, so hydropower basically is the power that derived from the force of moving water and generates electricity at damn by water falling throughout the turbines. [22] The fall of water and movement is part of a constant ordinary cycle known as water cycle. Water in the earths ocean and rivers evaporates by energy from the sun and draws it ascendant as water vapour. Once the water vapour reached the cooler air in atmosphere, it automatically abbreviates and forms as clouds. [23] Hence, the moisture fall to earth as rain and fill the water in oceans and rivers. The moving of water from higher ground to the lower ground with the gravitational force and it drives the water extremely powerful to assist generates electricity for daily usage of human being.[23] Hydropower is a one of the worlds biggest source of renewable energy and play important role or facing challenges during period of climate vary. [24] Hydropower also is considering clean energy source because it does no t release any toxins to damage the environment. [25] Figure 3.1: Water cycle diagram 3.5.1 Types of Hydropower Hydropower is primarily used to generate electricity. There are few types of hydropower which is common usage in world. Micro hydro: provide few hundred kilowatts to remote villages, homes and small industries.[26] Pumped-storage hydroelectricity: stores the water that has been pumped during low demand and generates it when demand is high.[26] Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity: it will capture the kinetic energy in rivers without using dams.[26] Conventional hydroelectricity: power comes from the potential energy of dammed and water drives the turbine to generate electricity.[27] The most common type of hydropower that has been used is conventional hydroelectricity known as hydroelectricity power plant which is uses a dam on a river to store water in a reservoir. This power station is usually placed in hill areas so can build dams easily and can obtain larger water reservoir and generate huge quantity of electricity. [28] 3.5.2 How is hydroelectricity power produced?http://cwc.gov.in/Kids%20Corner_files/hydropower.gif Figure 3.2: Simple Hydropower station diagram In hydropower station, the potential energy that stored in body of water at a given height is converted to kinetic energy which is used to rotate the turbine and produce electricity. [28] In the generation of electricity by using hydroelectric power, water is accumulated or stock up at higher level and guide descending through large pipes to lower level known as penstock. [29] Once the water reaches the end of the penstock with higher pressure it will hits and drives the turbine to create mechanical energy from kinetic energy. Turbines rotate the connected to shaft which is turn the generator and change mechanical energy to electrical energy. [9] Inside the generator there is rotor that covers by turbine. Large electromagnets are attached to the rotor located within coils of copper wires called as stator. Flow of electrons is formed in the coils of stator when a generator rotor spins the magnets. [31] This produces electricity that can be step up in voltage through the station transformers and centre cross transmission lines. Therefore, transmission line conducts electricity from hydropower plant to the distribution system. There are certain advantages and disadvantag es of using hydroelectric power station: Advantages It is constantly renewable remaining to the habitual nature of the hydrologic cycle. The water that been used for generation of electricity can be utilize for irrigation, boating and fishing, kayaking and etc. Fuel is not burned so there is minimal pollution and no waste is produced Using water to run the power plant that provided free by nature Disadvantages Only at limited places hydropower plant can be constructed. Dams are expensive to build. Possibility of dam collapsing 3.6 Solar energy Solar energy is the radiant energy emitted by the Sun that is converted into thermal or electricity energy for homes and industry usage. The amount of energy falling on the earth is given by the solar constant, but very little use has been made of solar energy. [32] Renewable and sustainable energy source such as solar energy make use of it around the world to produce electricity for number of different purpose and its use is both environmentally-friendly and cost-effective over the long term. There are varieties of technologies that have been used to take benefits of solar energy. Types of technologies such as photovoltaic system is common have been used to develop solar energy for daily and powering numerous applications. [33] Photovoltaic system (PV) is solar cells or panels directly convert sunlight into electricity. [34] The conversion of sunlight directly into electricity (DC) will be done by solar cells. Electricity from solar cells is stored in the battery for instant or future usage and where an inverter is required to change the Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC) to power the most AC appliances. [35] Photovoltaic system solar cell made of semiconducting materials that related to those used in computer chips. Once the rays are engaged by these materials, the solar energy knocks electrons loose from the atoms, via allowing the electrons to flow through the material to produce electricity. This process of converting light (photon) to electricity (voltages) is called as photovoltaic (PV) effect. [36] The simple of photovoltaic (PV) system illustrated in figure below that can explain about it.A diagram of how the components of a PV system interact with each other. Figure: Simple Photovoltaic (PV) system with components The electricity that generated can be stored or directly utilize by photovoltaic standalone system, or a huge electricity grid powered supplied by central generation plants (photovoltaic grid-tied system), or else joint with single or numerous domestic electricity generations to supply into small grid (photovoltaic hybrid system). [37] Supplying of DC and/or AC electrical load that operate independently of the electric utility grid is designed by standalone photovoltaic system. Direct-coupled system is of the simplest type of standalone photovoltaic system that the DC output of a module or array is directly connected to a DC load (figure). [38] When there is no electrical energy stored in batteries in direct-coupled system, the load can operates during the sunlight. So, common applications that used for example water pumps, ventilation fans and small circulation pumps for solar thermal water heating systems are appropriate. [38]A diagram of a stand-alone photovoltaic system. Figure: Direct coupled PV system Hybrid system only integrates more than one generating source, which may use an engine-generator, wind, or utility power as a supplementary power source. Initially the battery store is recharged by the photovoltaic system once insufficient the generator charges the batteries. Solar Hybrid System Figure: Photovoltaic hybrid system Grid tie photovoltaic system is deliberate to work with utility grid power. Direct Current (DC) power from the Photovoltaic array into Alternating Current (AC) power is converted by the inverter. AC appliances or local utility company can make use of the direct AC power.Solar Grid-Tie System Figure: Photovoltaic Grid Tie system 3.7 Wind Energy Wind energy is the renewable power or energy which comes from the air that flowing across the earths surface. Wind energy is a converted form of solar energy. [40] Wind is exist due to uneven heats of the atmosphere by sun, the irregularity of the earths landscape and rotation of the earth.[41] Movement of air from region of higher pressure level to region of lower pressure level is also known as wind. When hot air increases, the atmospheric pressure will reduce at earths exterior, and the cooler air will travel in to fill up the void. In fact, flow of wind patterns are personalized by earth landscape, vegetative cover and bodies of water. One of the fastest growing sources of electricity and fastest growing markets in the world today is wind energy because is green power, sustainable, affordable, and economic development. [42] In wind turbines there are consist of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines been designed for rotation function. 3.7.1 How a wind energy or wind turbine is work? Terms of wind energy or else wind power illustrate the generation of mechanical power or electricity by using wind. Air has mass when it is in motion, and it contains the energy of that motion, known as kinetic energy. [40] Therefore wind turbines are usually use to harvest the kinetic energy and convert it by using inverter into utilizable which can provide electricity for home, business applications and for sale to utilities. Wind turbine also produce mechanical energy that harvested from kinetic energy to drive machinery, for instance grinding grain and pumping water, the device called as windmill or wind pump in rural place. wind energy diagram Most common method to generate electricity is by using wind turbines. Figure 1 is explaining the simple understand on working principle of wind turbines. Explanation from the figure 1, wind will turn the large turbine blades; the turning energy will spins a generator shaft and produces electricity. The electricity that produced by wind turbine is Direct Current (DC) and it cannot use because household appliances and use Alternating Current (AC). Hence, inverters connect to wind turbines to the mains power of a building and used to convert the DC electricity into useable AC electricity. [43] Small-scale of wind energy does not use inverters, as an alternative using the wind energy electricity can be charge batteries, connected to buildings main power or else connected to national power grid. [44] Advantages There are no fossil or fuels required to generate electricity [45] Wind energy does not pollute at all so does not harm environment or discharge any toxic gases[7] Wind energy directly can be used as mechanical energy[47] Disadvantages Once there is no wind, solar energy or geothermal energy use as alternative way to generate electricity [48] Need expensive storage throughout peak production time.[49] Requires large scale area to build wind farm.[49] 4. Conclusion Green energy is the only visible solution so that the future generations are not compromised

Latin American Events Analysis Essays -- Latin America Culture Movies

Latin American Events Analysis During the course of this semester, I attended many events with Latin American content. Although I both heard lectures and viewed movies, the continuity and popularity of certain recurring themes in cinema interested me the most. Among the many themes addressed, money, violence, the role and importance of women, and the evolution of government were prevalent and interconnected. Over the years, Latin America’s image has changed from a valuable source for raw goods, to a rebellious child of colonial powers, to a region struggling to cope with oppressive governments from within. At the same time that these phases have occurred, social norms have also evolved. Despite the fact that women’s roles have changed in some areas, they remain important to the society as a whole, in whatever capacity they fulfill. While nations of the region may lack ethnic, linguistic, or cultural ties, they share similar historical experiences. As such, the common use of these topics was not surp rising, because of their prominence as important topics throughout Latin American history. All of the films I saw—Cidade de Deus, La Sexta Seccià ³n, Plata Quemada, Maria, Full of Grace, and Mujeres Insumisas—feature female characters, each of whom has a different function in the individual contexts. Overall, expectations of women are high, even though the resources available to them are inadequate. Often portrayed as victims, women receive insufficient respect for all that they manage to accomplish, especially given their dismal circumstances. In the Brazilian film Cidade de Deus, Angà ©lica—the main female character—is simultaneously depicted as both powerless and powerful. She accepts gifts from Tiago, Rocket, and Benny, a... ...uments for a philharmonic band, a kitchen for the local kindergarten, a basketball court, and a church for the town. Money and poverty are obviously very prominent issues in Boqueron, as well as numerous other Latin American towns, and the men are again depicted as the breadwinners. The Latin American films that I saw this semester have many thematic ties. Among these are the importance of money, the role of women, the existence of violence, and the prevalence of corruption. The frequency of the occurrence of these topics is not coincidental, but rather a reflection of the issues and difficulties faced by many Latin American nations. Film provides a unique arena in which to address social wrongs and change, national and international dilemmas, and other topics of interest, and these movies provide connections in Latin America when they may not otherwise exist.

8 Stages of Genocide

There are 8 stages of genocide the first stage is classification. The Jewish people, homosexuals, handicapped, and gypsies were the main target for the Nazi’s. The reason why was because Adolf Hitler thought that Germany was becoming weaker because of the people who he thought were to be Genetically week. His idea of a non weak person is a person who is pale, blonde hair, and blue eyes. The second stage of Genocide is Symbolization, the Nazi soldier’s symbolized targeted people with different color triangles.The homosexuals had a pink triangle, brown triangles for gypsies, green for criminals, and red for political enemies. All of the people who were marked with triangles were targeted very easy, were harassed, but the main purpose of the coloured triangles was so they would be easy identified. The third stage of Genocide is Dehumanization, German doctors would experiment on the people they kept prisoners like animals because they were trying to find out how to make the perfect human being. The fourth stage of genocide is Organization, the way that Nazi’s prepared for theGenocide was by putting people into Ghettos for easy access. Then the weak would be moved off to be exterminated. The fifth stage of Genocide is Polarization The Jews were often told by Nazi soldiers that they were not worthy to live in normal towns so they put the Jews into Ghettos which were often dirty, disease ridden and low on food. The Nazi soldiers acted like they were greater then everyone. The sixth stage of Genocide is Preparation They prepared for genocide by splitting people up and putting them intoGhettos for easy access and making coloured triangles for easy identification and punishment. The seventh stage of Genocide is Extermination. Many people died in the holocaust inlcuding Jews, Roman, homosexuals. Around 6 million people overall died because of this Holocaust and up to 1. 5 million were kids. The last stage of Genocide is Denial Holocaust denial is the claim that the genocide never happened. It was claimed that only 2,700 people died because of World War I and that camps could not have held that many people

The Two Towers essays

The Two Towers essays The book I read was The Two Towers, Part II of The Lord of the Rings, by J.R.R. Tolkein. The Lord of the Rings mean Sauron, the evil lord who created the one ring and is determined to regain his ring at any cost. One of the main characters in the book is Frodo. Frodo and me are different because he is a hobbit and I am a human. Also he lives in Middle Earth and I live in present time. He is a part of a rich hobbit family and I come from a middle class Italian family. My life is non fiction and his life is fiction. Frodo and I are alike in many ways. We both like to eat many different foods. We both like lots of comfort in our lives. Both of us are very adventurous and like to go many places. Frodo and I are very loyal to our friends and family. We both are gentle to other people and things unless provoked. The Two Towers is set in medieval times and the Middle Earth. The land is full of many mysterious creatures like Hobbits, Elves, Dwarves Orcs, Goblins and Wargs. I think that the story could not take place in another time or place, because technology would be too advanced and there would not be enough forest for the story to take place. I liked this story because it was a fantasy. The things I liked most in the story were the battles. I also liked the devotion of Sam to his master Frodo and the courage of Frodo. I also liked the wizardry of Gandalf. One thing I disliked about the story was that the names were too similar and hard to pronounce. In addition, they were hard to remember because characters had more than one name like Gandalf who was also called the White Wizard, Gandalf the Grey, and Mithrandir. If I wrote a sequel to this book it would pick up from where Frodo was carried away and Sam got the ring. During the sequel Sam would save Frodo from the Orcs and find the other elves and warriors. Sam would then with the help of the elves and warriors take over the Orcs and destroy the ring that S ...

Television Advertising

Television Advertising Free Online Research Papers Television commercials are viewed by millions on a daily basis and are considered to be very influential on today’s society. Television advertisements can be used for a variety of reasons, but are mostly used as a marketing tool to attract a targeted audience to increase sales for companies or to send messages to the public. Although television commercials have grown in popularity over the years, state of the art live television recording capabilities that are offered by leading cable television providers, the heavy influence that the broadcast companies utilized is now at risk of going un-noticed. Television advertising is defined by entrepreneur.com as 10- to 60-second commercials on network television stations (entrepreneur.com). Television advertising in today’s society is used for many things. Commercials are used to send messages to consumers to increase sales for companies. Advertisements are also used by politicians to increase popularity among potential voters to gain support for their political campaigns. They are also used to increase awareness for many causes such as; animal cruelty, global warming, humanitarian efforts, as well as drug, sex and alcohol awareness. Ultimately the goal of advertising is to take one of these many ideas and market it to the population. Before television advertising the radio was the nation’s primary source of mass-marketing. All of that would change during a Dodger vs. Phillies baseball game on July 1st 1941 when United States of America would witness the first ten second television advertisement for the Bulova watch making company (bulova .com). Since then television advertisements has come a long way. With catchy slogans and popular jingles, television advertising has changed and shaped the nation. From its black white beginnings to the now colorful, sleek, visually stimulating commercials; television advertising techniques have attracted a wider variety of audiences. Race, sex and age are some of the many audiences that advertisements can target. Race is a difficult to take into consideration when it comes to targeting the population. You can run into the risk of segregating a group and possibly stereotyping as well. Pepsi has compiled a collage of images dating back from the 1960’s to the present. The images include different races enjoying activities together as well as returning from war and waving the American flag (â€Å"Race Becomes More† 2009). The advertisement portrays a visual diversity to connect to wider audiences. The effect that this new strategy of advertising has on society is believed to be shown in a positive light. Blacks and whites can enjoy activities together and no longer separated. There are some advertising techniques that are incorporated into commercials to attract gender and age specific audiences. You might see a television commercial advertising a brand new vacuum or cleaning product, but the character in the commercial is a woman and she is shown vacuuming the carpet or cleaning the house. Maybe you have seen the Axe brand commercials for deodorant. These commercials portray a male using this product and afterwards he is irresistible to woman. The techniques used in these commercials attract gender specific audiences in order to increase sales. Television advertising has increased in popularity since the 60’s until now. Commercials are a simple form of advertising because they are viewed by millions and companies sometimes only need to produce one commercial. Although it may be simple to create a television commercial, it is no longer cheap to acquire air time from broadcasting companies. The Superbowl is a nationally covered television event. The advertisements during this event are just as popular as the game itself. The price for 30 seconds of airtime during this event can reach upwards of 2.7 million dollars. Companies could see this as a sound investment due to the high viewer ratings of 90 million in population. Over the years there has been an increase in airtime for these commercials during programming as well. An hour long program in the 60’s contained an average of 51 minutes with 9 minutes of advertising. Today programming has been shortened to 42 minutes with the remainder of time as an allotment f or advertising. Television advertising has managed to obtain more airtime in order to reach the highest numbers in viewers, there are still more ways for them to get your attention. If for some reason you do not have access to a television, corporations will bring television advertising to you. To further reach more viewers, companies have invested in installing televisions in grocery stores and even gas station pumps. Convenience stores like Wal-mart have televisions suspended over the isles to advertise products that are on sale in the store and gas companies have advertisements playing while you pump your gas. There are many methods to that companies utilize to ensure they reach as many viewers as possible to increase sales. Have they come up with this new method of communicating with the population for a reason? Are viewers not interested in television commercials anymore? With features of live television recording and digital video recording offered by leading cable and satellite networks, viewers are now able to record their favorite programs and watch them at a later date and fast forward through commercials. This can pose as a threat to the future of television advertising as many viewers prefer this method to avoid those pesky commercials. However, new forms of advertising are coming around to combat possible dilemma. Banners and logos are now present at the bottom or top of the screen during programs. Sponsors and companies often utilize product placement within the programming as well. New ideas are being formed by advertising teams in order to combat the possible drop in viewer ratings during commercial breaks due to new features like live television recording devices. Television advertisements have been used by corporations to increase sales as a mass-marketing tool to reach millions of viewers on a daily basis and also by political parties to increase the likely hood of election. Marketing teams incorporate a number of techniques into the production of advertisements to attract a specific audience to a product and because it works so well the popularity of television commercials and their use has skyrocketed over the last few decades. Although they are a popular form of advertising they are threatened by new features offered by cable and satellite television providers. Digital video recorders and live television recording capabilities offer viewers the opportunity to record television programs and fast forward through commercials, exposing themselves to less commercial airtime. References MSNBC (2009, March 1). Race becomes more central to TV advertising. MSNBC. Retrieved January 18, 2010, from http://msnbc.msn.com/ id/29453960/ Research Papers on Television AdvertisingMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New Employees19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is Art