War in vieques Essay Example For Students

War in vieques Essay Why is the US Navy at Vieques, Puerto Rico? Puerto Rico: From Spanish Colony to American Military Bastion After 400 years of Spanish colonial rule, Puerto Rico became a possession of the United States as a direct result of the Spanish-American War of 1898. Right after the invasion the US established a military government, which lasted up to 1900; thereafter, the Foraker Act of 1900 authorized the President of the United States to appoint a civilian governor. In 1917 the Jones Act granted US citizenship to all island residents. In 1948 Puerto Ricans were allowed to elect their own home-grown governor for the very first time. Today, after 101 years of direct economic, political and military rule, Puerto Rico continues to be a US colony. Given its geographical position, Puerto Rico has always played a key strategic military role for the United States. Expropriation of Land for Regional Military Purposes In 1938 the US Navy began using the island-municipality of Vieques, right off the ea stern coast of Puerto Rico, for military practices. In 1941, during the height of WW II, the Navy initiated a campaign of forced expropriation of territory, which ultimately ended in their possession of over two thirds of the island’s most arable land, thereby displacing thousands of families and seriously jeopardizing their basic means of subsistence. The Navy arbitrarily set the price for the expropriated land giving the island residents very little say, if any, in the matter. Resistance became an exercise in futility, for the Navy issued the following ultimatum: Either you accept the price set by the Navy or prepare to be evicted, by force, if necessary, within 24 hours. The net effect of these policies was the clustering of the entire civilian population of Vieques into a small strip of land right in the middle of the island. Thus the US Navy took control of over 75% of this tiny island. 2. Legacy of the US Navy in Vieques: Economic Stagnation Vieques has a population of approximately 9,400 inhabitants. It has an unemployment rate of almost fifty percent (50%) by most conservative estimates. General Electric, which is one of the few large companies in Vieques, will end its operations this summer. Fishing is the only industry in the island of Vieques with any truly viable economic significance. This is obviously due to the Navy’s expropriation of the most fertile lands in the island that formerly sustained a respectable agricultural activity. Carlos Zenn, the former President of the Fishermen Association, said that when the US Navy ships enter the one-hundred-foot deep waters where the fishermen have their traps, â€Å"the ships’ propellers destroy the buoys that indicate where the traps are.† When that happens it is hard for them to find the nets. As a result, the nets stay at the bottom of the sea for eight or twelve months, attracting many fish that ultimately die in the traps. The US Department of Agriculture conducted a stud y of these traps and found that a single net collects from 4,500 to 5,000 pounds of fish in ten months, which poses a severe environmental threat to the fragile marine ecosystem in that region. In 1977, for example, the US Navy destroyed 131 traps. Ecological Damage The immediate effects of the bombings in Vieques are the destruction of delicate ecosystems in the island, which supports hundreds of species of plants and animals that are killed instantly upon the direct impact of the projectiles during military target practices. Furthermore, these bombings and military maneuvers lead to serious contamination of the environment due to toxic residues. In an article published in 1988, engineer and environmental consultant Rafael Cruz-Prez identified three ways in which the militarys bombings pollutes the environment in Vieques: (1) Chemicals in the Missiles’ explosive payloads, (2) Dust and rock particles released into the air as a result of the impact and/or explosion of missiles , and (3) Metallic residues left by missiles after they detonate, and the junk and scrap heap they use for target practice. According to information provided by the Navy, this material is never removed†¦Under the effects of additional explosions and sea breezes, metals are oxidized or decomposed, turning in accelerated fashion into leachates that pollute the environment, said Cruz-Prez in his article. He also referred to a scientific study by the Navy, which says that the sources of drinking water in Vieques Isabel Segunda village and Barrio Esperanza are polluted with toxic chemicals, like TNT, tetryl and RDX. Cruz-Prez commented that the study doesnt explain how these substances got to the water sources, located more than fourteen kilometers away from the shooting area. In the 70s, the US Environmental Protection Agency sampled Vieques air and soil. After studying the samples, the EPA determined that the air has unhealthy levels of particulate matter and the ground has iron l evels above normal. High Levels of Cancer Health Problems The people of Vieques suffer from high levels of cancer and other serious health problems. Studies carried out by the Puerto Rico Department of Health have shown that from 1985 to 1989 the rate of cancer in Vieques rose to 26 percent above the rest of PR. Rafael Rivera-Castao, a retired professor from the University of Puerto Ricos Medical Sciences Campus, has documented an increase in extremely rare diseases, like, for example, Scleroderma, lupus, thyroid deficiencies, and not-so-rare ones, like asthma, which is significantly affecting Vieques’ children. How can the children of Vieques get asthma if this is such a small island? The winds that blow in from the ocean are rich in iodine, which prevents asthma. The only possible cause is air pollution. We dont have factories here, the only source of air pollution here is the Navy, he has stated. 3. Struggle and Resistance The Struggle between David and Goliath Viequesâ⠂¬â„¢ fishermen are extremely courageous. They have confronted the warships at sea several times. In February of 1978, US admiral Robert Fanagan told the fisherman that they would not be allowed to fish during 3 weeks. All NATO countries had planned an intensive military maneuver along all of Vieques’ coastsline. Carlo Zenn informed him that they would protest. â€Å"Imagine me, a Puerto Rican fisherman, telling a US Navy admiral that we’re going to cause problems for them† he said. On February 6, 1978, fed-up with the Navy’s arrogance, the fishermen of Vieques took a desperate gamble. Forty fishing boats ‘invaded’ waters where target practice with live ammunition were about to begin. They were carrying out a struggle with the sling shot of David against the Goliath of NATO. They were successful detaining the maneuvers and awakening the support of the entire Puerto Rican nation. This activism at sea has won important victories for the people of Vieques during their struggle against the US Navy. Mount David After David Sanes Rodrguez’s death on April 19th, 1999, a group of civilians gathered in the area of the â€Å"accident† to protest the bombardments. This show of outrage and civil disobedience is a direct frontal challenge to the US Navy’s ill-gotten authority. On April 21st a group of 15 boats gathered at the place of the bombings, placed a large cross and named the area Mount David-in memory of Mr. Sanes. Mount David is a very dangerous place peppered with live ammunition on the ground. In spite of the this great dangers many people have organized protests behind the gates of the Navy’s restricted areas. All these protests have successfully detained the bombings since Sanes’ death. I know that there is a great danger said Pablo Connelly, one of the civilians protesting at Mount David. He adds: I know that the risks are great, but all the risks are worth it. I do this for my childr en and for the children of all Viequenses and I know that during the time that I remain here there is not going to fall a single bomb in Vieques.† .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1 , .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1 .postImageUrl , .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1 , .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1:hover , .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1:visited , .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1:active { border:0!important; } .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1:active , .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1 .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud50d532e1f9cd11d9cfee8997adb36d1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Daily Life In Rome Essay We will write a custom essay on War in vieques specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Definition of Descent With Modification

Definition of Descent With Modification Descent with modification refers to the passing on of traits from parent organisms to their offspring. This passing on of traits is known as heredity, and the basic unit of heredity is the gene. Genes are the blueprints for making an organism, and, as such, hold information about its every conceivable aspect: its growth, development, behavior, appearance, physiology, and reproduction. Heredity and Evolution According to Charles Darwin, all species descended from only a few lifeforms that had been modified over time. This descent with modification, as he called it, forms the backbone of his Theory of Evolution, which posits that the development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time is how certain species evolve. How It Works The passing on of genes is not always exact. Parts of the blueprints may be copied incorrectly, or in the case of organisms that undergo sexual reproduction, genes of one parent are combined with the genes of another parent organism. That is why children are not exact carbon copies of either of their parents. There are three basic concepts that are helpful in clarifying how descent with modification works: Genetic mutationIndividual (or natural) selectionEvolution of the population (or species as a whole) It is important to understand that genes and individuals do not evolve, only populations as a whole evolve. The process looks like this: Genes mutate and those mutations have consequences for the individuals within a species. Those individuals either thrive or die out due to their genetics. As a result, populations change (evolve) over time. Clarifying Natural Selection Many students confuse natural selection with descent with modification, so its worth repeating, and further clarifying, that natural selection is part of the process of evolution, but not the process itself. Natural selection comes into play, according to Darwin, when a species as a whole adapts to its environment, thanks to its specific genetic makeup. Say at some point in time two species of wolves lived in the Arctic: those with short, thin fur and those with long, thick fur. Those wolves with long, thick fur were genetically capable of living in the cold. Those with short, thin fur were not. Therefore, those wolves whose genetics allowed them to live successfully in their environment lived longer, bred more frequently, and passed on their genetics. They were naturally selected to thrive. Those wolves who were not genetically adapted to the cold eventually died out. Furthermore, natural selection doesnt create variation or give rise to new genetic traits- it selects for the genes already present in a population. In other words, the Arctic environment in which our wolves lived did not prompt a series of genetic traits that didnt already live in certain of the wolf individuals. New genetic strains are added to a population through mutation and horizontal gene transmission- e.g., the mechanism by which bacteria become immune to certain antibiotics- not natural selection. For instance, a bacterium inherits a gene for antibiotic resistance and therefore has a greater chance of survival. Natural selection then spreads that resistance through the population, forcing scientists to come up with a new antibiotic.

Ten Critical Steps for Risk Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Ten Critical Steps for Risk Managers - Essay Example Argentina is one of the Latin American countries which have a high political risks associated with international business. These risks affect the way international business is done between Argentina and the rest of the world.According to World Bank (2001), managing political risk and other forms of risks associated with international business is something that can be very difficult for businesses. However, experts such as Thomas Cook (2012) have provided useful information regarding the ways in which international businesses can address these issues. For a country such as Argentina, the main issue for international business people to understand is the fact that this country is not stable politically. Countries which have not matured democratically such as Argentina have more and higher political risk and it is necessary for businesses to be able to address these risks in a more serious way. The following ten steps as developed by Cook can be used to manage political risk in Argentina . The first issue to for a manager to consider is selecting a risk insurance firm which is suited to the insurance needs of the business. According to Cook (2012), it is absolutely necessary for a manager to know that the underwriters who they choose are conversant in political risks in the country. In this regard, choosing an insurance broker in Argentina will concentrate on looking for an insurance broker who critically understands the political risks in the country not only in theory but also in practice.... In buying insurance, it is always necessary to understand the nature and extent of the risk involved (Cook, 2012). In this regard, it will be increasingly necessary to understand the political risks involved in Argentina and then look for an insurance provider who will guarantee these risks. It will be necessary to look for an insurance provider who clearly understands these risks and who is able to look at the way in which the business can be shielded from this kind of risk. Thirdly, the manager should consider combining risk and covering them with one insurance policy. There are a number of risks associated with doing international business in Argentina and this will require combining risks when buying an insurance policy. In this regard, it will be necessary to understand the various risks which can be combined in order to make sure that the business is well protected. For instance, apart from political risks, there are other non-political risks which must be looked at in this reg ard, instead of having a different policy for each risk; it could be useful to have one umbrella policy which will protect the business from all the risks. Fourth, constant communication about the contract after it has been put in place is also very important. This is because Argentina’s political environment is very volatile and therefore the nature and extent of political risks in Argentina keep changing over time. Fifthly, constant review and update of the insurance contract is necessary because political risks can change with regard to which regime is in power and also depending on seasons such as the electioneering season. With a country which does not have a concrete public policy, the nature of the governance is purely

Detroit Bankruptcy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Detroit Bankruptcy - Essay Example The announcement of bankruptcy by Detroit is a prophesied case. The liquidation of a municipal’s assets cannot happen as a result of the request of a creditor. A municipality is under the state’s jurisdiction as it is defined by the state. The 10th Amendment of the4 American constitution reserves any power not defined by the constitution for the state. Declaration of bankruptcy rulings ate made in U.S. Bankruptcy courts under federal jurisdiction Many factors have indicated reduced financial activity in the city. The population of the city dropped from a 1.5 million figure in the city’s peak in the fifties to a current size of around 700,000 leaving the city a shadow of itself with tens of thousands of abandoned buildings ("How Detroit went broke - Economics - AEI"). This coupled with the deindustrialization of the city have largely affected the collection of the revenues in the city. However, the major contributor of the state of the city is the accounting of th e funds of the municipality. Legacy costs These are the bills of the municipality in the form of public employee pensions, healthcare, and other post employment benefits. The Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) in 2006 required all local governments to report publicly OPEB liabilities but did not require the funding of the shortfalls of the OPEB liabilities (John Macomber). The city of Detroit uses 43% of the entire annual city revenue in making payments of this kind. This leaves only, 57% to run the city and cover the wage bill. In the last few decades, the percentage of the city’s revenue used in the settling of these bills has been on the rise with an estimation claiming the percentage will reach 65% in four years. These unfunded liabilities of the Detroit city funds have acted as a weight pulling down the city finances (How Detroit went broke). Half of the $18 billion debt is accounted in public employee retirement benefits, which are not funded. In 2012, the cit y spent $145 million on retiree health care benefits, which is greater by more than half of the $99 million used in 2000 ("How Detroit went broke - Economics - AEI"). The accounting methods relied in the evaluation of the finances of pensions of public employees allows rates of return that are overly optimistic on the supposed riskless pension to be assumed (How Detroit went broke). These also make it possible for the employer in the form of the city of Detroit, to contribute annual contributions that fall short of the required amount. These transform the guaranteed benefits such as pensions, into risky ones. The cause effect of these is a pension liability at a $3.5 billion level when appropriate accounting methods are used which is over 5 times the liability under the city’s accounting methods (John Macomber). This is not helped by the ratio of employees to retirees receiving pension, which stands at 2:1. Increased taxes After the post-war manufacturing and expansion, the c ity started losing revenue because of the high population decrease rates. In response, the city changed its accounting policies and imposed a 1% income tax on all corporations, residents, and non-residents. This aimed to cover the loss in revenues and maintain the city budget (How Detroit went broke). Over the years, the tax rate has been on the rise with the resident income tax doubling only six years after its establishment. A new utility tax came into being in 1971 aiming to maintain the services offered by the city as well as

Introduction to Health and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Health and Culture - Essay Example The Navajo people value their words as much as they value life because they believe that the words they utter will have a deeper impact on how their lives will go. They do not give out words easily and more often than not, other people find themselves waiting for 30 seconds or more just to hear what a member of the Navajo tribe has to say. And more often than not, this characteristic result to conflict or misunderstanding due to the fact that not all who converse with the Navajo people understands or even knows this trait. The doctors and other medical staffs, who have also graduated with a secret degree on Tact and Diplomacy together with their medical degree, are imbedded with deeper understanding and vast knowledge as to how to deal with different kinds of people. Treating a person from a different culture and with a different background is not prioritized in this aspect. As a person with a mission, healing people is the main goal. Doesn't matter who your patients are, what they a re and where they come from; as long as the service given is fair and just, the mission has been served well. Navajo people are also afraid of death; Also the same with everyone all over the world. That doesn't make them ignorant or simple.

Mark Ratners Concepts of Molecular Electronics

Mark Ratners Concepts of Molecular Electronics Mark Ratner  and  The Basis of the Future: Molecular Electronics Levent BahadÄ ±rhan KarakuÃ…Å ¸ 2. Introduction Mark Ratner, He is professor of chemistry and professor of materials science and engineering at Northwestern University. He studies the theory of fundamental chemical processes related to nanoscale application. Ratner is a member of the Internatioanal Academy of Quantum Molecular Science also, His lectures subjects were â€Å"Transport in molecular Junctions†and â€Å"Nano and Energy† at Stanfort University at 2009. I choose Mark Ratner because, Topic of Nano technology and energy generation are important on the sustainable energy. High capaticy batteries, high technology solar cells, etc. besides; new tech-power plants or storages These topics to be studied for me. In short, Quantum mechanics and Nano technology are always interested me[20]. 2.1. Education He graduated from Harvard University department of chemistry at 1964. Then, He started Ph.D. in chemistry from Nortwestern University and working with G. Ludwig hofaker. Ratner first lecture chemistry at New York University from 1970 until 1974[20] 2.2. Career Development He worked may extended period of time in israel and he worked with lots of scientists, including form Tel Aviv University and University of Jesursalem. Also Rater works international association, particularly in Netherlands and Denmark[20] 3. Fields 3.1 Molecular Electronics (Primary field) Molecular electronics increased interest in as of late, induced spawning by information technology may reach it computability limits in a several years. [1-2]. In order to molecular electronics to become a valued alternative to silicon researces, It will not be enough to generated molecular electronic devices with distinguished characteristics, but proper circuit and architectural solution will be needed. When lots of effort has given to the demonstration of electronic functionalities of one molecules and organic filmsi research at the circuit and system level is still in its beginning[5-9]. Investigation on single molecules or nanotube based devices prospect to keep Moore’s law alive once miniaturisation of silicon-based structures becomes useless. As first proposed by Aviram and Ratner [10]. One can imagine to squeeze whole nonlinear circuit elements such as transistors or diodes into single molecules. In principle, suchlike devices could be importantly faster and smaller th an end of the routemap solid state electron devices[11]. 3.1.1 Why molecular electronics? Intrinsically entire electronic processes in nature, from photosynthesis to signal transduction, occur in molecular structures. For electronic epplications, molecular structure have four major advantages: Size: The size scale of molecules is between 1 and 100nm, a scale that permits functional nano-structures with attendant advantages in efficiency, cost and power dissipation. Assembly and recognition: One can exploit secific internolcular interaction to from structures with nano-scale self assembly. Molecular recognition can be used to chance electronic attitutde, providing both swithing and sensing capabilities on the one molecule scale. Dynamical stereochemistry: lots of molecules gave multiple distinct stable conformations or isomers. Such geometric isomers can gave distinct optical and electronic properties. For instance, the retinal one switches between more than one stable structures, a process that transduces light into a chemoelectrical pulse and allows vision. Synthetic tailorability: with choice of character and geometry, ona can extensively vary a transport of the molecule, binding, structural and optical properties. The instrument of molecular synthesis are extremely developed.[12] [http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/reports/reportpdf/report52.pdf] 3.1.2 Electrode The molecule electrode interface is a severely significant component of a molecular junction. It might limit current flow or completely modify the measured electrical response of the junction. Lots of experimental platforms for constructiong molecular electronic devices are founded on practical comsideration. This approach is in numerous ways the boon and the disaster of the field. For instance, the sulfur gold bond is a fabulous chemical hangle for forming self assembled, forceful organic monolayers on metal surfaces. Other technics such as using a scanning probe tip a cÄ ±ntact the molecule are frequently employed in part. Becuse that avoid processing steps that can damage or unexpecteably modify the molecular component. Optimally the couice of electrode materials would be based not on the easy of production or measurement, but rather on first principles considerations of molecule electrode interactions. On the other hand, in state of the art for the theory of molecule electrode interfaces is very elemantary. [http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/reports/reportpdf/report52.pdf] 3.1.3 DNA Consider a protein that spans a cell membrane and shuttles information across that membrane. The protein self assembles and self orients in the membrane; it also might switch between two forms, only one of that will transmit the chemicalsignal. Proteins are big molecues and indeed a specific molecular size is required to achieve such a rich combination of properties. The rotaxane molecule shown large and comples, but it is indeed efficiently and small designed, given the set of mechanical, chemical, and electronic properties that have been built into it[16]. Quite likely, transport in DNA junctions will show that the molecule or at least naturally occuring DNA is actually a wide bandgap semiconductor characterized by localized hole hopping between the low energy guanine cytosine pairs. Also guanin yields the most stable positive ion. Because the band gap is wide, DNA seems colourless and long range coherent charge motion is improbable[17]. 3.1.4 Circuit Architecture The potential of chemical synthesis to design specific and maybe even useful device behaviors is rapidly being realised. The following question, what sorts of circuit architectures can most take advantage of molecular electronics, is nowadays receiving rather a bit of attention both from computer scientists and from researchers; progress towerd indentifying and constructing working molecular electronics circutry has advanced fastly[13]. 3.1.5 The Future The primary challenges of realizing a true molecular electronics technology are wintry. Controlled fabriaction to within specified tolerances and its expermental verification is a exclusive problem. Self assembly schemes based on molecular recognition will be viral for that work. Absolutely reproducible measurments of junction conductance are only beginning in laboratories at Cornell, Harvard, Delft, Purdue and karlsruhe Universities and at the Naval research laboratory and same centers. A lot of the technology targets of molecular electronics, such as the computational applications duscussed, should perhaps be viewed as drivers for steering the field forward and for defining the critical and rate limiting challenges that must be overcome[14]. 3.2 Electron transport in molecular wire junctions Molecular conductance junction are structures in that unimolecules or minor groups of molecules conduct electrical current between one than one electrodes In such junctions, the linkage between the molecule and the electrodes very affects the current boltage characteristics. Considering theoretical and several experimental advances, including the understanding of basic systems, there is still limited correspondence between theoretical and experimental studies of these systems[18]. 3.3 Mesoscopic features of charge Generation in organic semiconductors Over the past twenty years, organic materials gave been extremly investigated by countless research groups for implementation in organic photo voltaic(OPV) devices. The organic semi conductors is protrusive by their potential low cost and facile tunability, making organic photovoltaic devices a knowledfe gap in our common understanding of materials, so boyh the time scale and lenght scale (fento to microsecond and nano to micrometer) proper to OPV functionality occupy a challenging a impressive space between the traditional regimes of quantum mechanics and solid state physics[19]. 4. Conclusion Ratner lead up lots of field, research centre and laboratories foremost; International Business Machines (IBM) and The defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Also, He described his experiences as an organizing member; a member of the board of directors and being on steering and selectrion committee. The significance of gaving a staff at research centre and proposal some thoughts on the future nanotechnology. Once for all, Ratner have a part in many today’s technology References [1] J. R. Heath and M. A. Ratner, Physics Today 56, 43 (2003) [2] J. R. Reimers, C. A. Picconnatto, J. C. Ellenbogen, and R. Shashidhar (eds.), Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 1006 (2003) [5] J. R. Heath, P. J. Kuekes, G. S. Snider and R. S. Williams, Science 280, 1716 (1998) [6] Y. Wada, Proc. IEEE 89, 8 (2001) [7] J. M. Tour, W. L. Zandt, C. P. Husband, S. M. Husband, L. S. Wilson, P. D. Franzon and D. P. Nackashi, IEEE Trans. Nanotech, 1, 2 (2002) [8] M. Macucci, G. Iannacone, L. Bonci and M. Girlanda, IEE Proc. Circuits Devices Syst. 151, 5 (2004) [9] A. Chaudhary, D. Z. Chen, X. S. Hu, M. T. Niemeier, R. Ravichandran and K. Whitton, IEEE Trans Comp. Aided Des. Int. Cir. Sys. 26, 11 (2007) [10] A. Aviram and M. A. Ratner, Chem. Phys. Lett., 29, 277 (1974) [11] J. C. Ellenbogen and J. C. Love, Proceedings IEEE 88 (3), 386 (2000) [12] Thomas Bjà ¸rnholm References:Tue Hassenkam, Kasper Moth-oulsen, Nicolai Stuhr-Hansen, Kasper Nà ¸rgaard, M. S. Kabir, and Thomas Bjà ¸rnholm. Self-Assembly and Conductive Properties of Molecularly Linked Gold Nanowires. Nano Letters, 4 (1), 19 -22, 2004. [13]. A. J. Heinrich et al., Science 298, 1381 (2002). [13] A. Bachtold, P. Hadley, T. Nakanishi, C. Dekker, Science 294, 1317 (2001); Y. Huang, Science 294, 1313 (2001); P. Avouris et al., Physica B 323, 6 (2002); Y. Chen et al., Nanotechnology 14, 462 (2003). [14] A. DeHon, in Proc. First Workshop on Non-Silicon Computation, available at http://www.cs.caltech.edu/research/ic/ pdf/molecular_nsc2002.pdf [15] P. J. Kuekes, R. S. Williams, â€Å"Demultiplexer for a Molecular Wire Crossbar Network,† US Patent 6,256,767 (3 July 2001) [16] A. J. Heinrich et al., Science 298, 1381 (2002). [17] D. Porath, A. Bezryadin, S. de Vries, C. Dekker, Nature 403, 635 (2000). [18] Nitzan, A, Ratner, M 2003, Electron Transport in Molecular Wire Junctions, Science, 5624, p. 1384, JSTOR Journals, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 May 2015. [19] Savoie, B, Jackson, N, Chen, L, Marks, T, Ratner, M 2014, Mesoscopic features of charge generation in organic semiconductors, Accounts Of Chemical Research, 47, 11, p. 3385-3394, Scopus ®, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 May 2015. [20] Cao, M, Deng, L, Xu, H 2015, Study of PNA-DNA hybridization by AFM-based single-molecule force spectroscopy, Colloids And Surfaces A: Physicochemical And Engineering Aspects, 470, p. 46-51, Scopus ®, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 May 2015.

Basketball Essay -- essays research papers

WHY THE NBA DREAM IS RUINING COLLEGE BASKETBALL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The National Basketball Association is a corporate powerhouse with installments in nearly every major city in the United States. With the exception of European soccer, professional basketball generates more money per season than any other sport in the world. NBA superstars carry as much authority in the entertainment business as the most popular actors, comedians, and musicians. Even the guys who are last off the bench are making more money in one season than the average middle-class worker makes in five years. Corporate America sells its images, logos, slogans, ideas, and viable goods by employing NBA stars to speak publicly on-behalf of their materials. More and more NBA players are showing up in commercials, in magazine ads, on billboards, and in movies. They have their own radio talk shows, their own clothing and shoe lines, their own video games, and even their own restaurants. Essentially, turning pro opens the door to a lifestyle of undeniable prestige, com fort, and public adornment. NBA players can commit the harshest of criminal violations and get off with minimal penalties. NBA players can have just about any woman they want! Enough said. Thankfully, it takes an incredible amount of skill and determination to make it as a professional basketball player. In the last twenty-five years only a handful of high-school athletes have skipped college and gone straight to the big show. Some of these young men built enduring careers and some were washed out before they reached the legal drinking age of 21. Some made it to the hall-of-fame and some remain in the hall-of-shame. Nevertheless, in the past five years there has been an upsurge in the number of high-school athletes who have chosen to forego college and enter the draft. Debate and discussion over this topic as been heated as of late. College coaches argue against professional coaches, writers and reporters argue against sporting agents and advertising executives, and parents squabble with their blue-chip prospects. Supporters of this trend say high-school athletes have the right to select their own path, while their opponents argue that high-school athletes miss-out on a remarkable education opportunity by overlooking the college experience. Clearly, the NBA has no intention of preventing high-school athletes from enterin... ...all. The level of play at the highest level should not suffer because young guys do not know the ins and outs of the game. They should also put a pay-cap on the potential salaries of such under-aged athletes, and agents should be completely removed from the decision making process. None of these things will ever happen though because the NBA makes too much money off its young stars. Sports marketing is already a multimillion dollar business, and agents continue to claw into middle school gyms across the country looking for the next Kobi or Kwame. Moreover, with a game that continues to evolve around its new talent each year, raw flair draws in sponsors, advertisers, and marketers. The public loves to see the young versus the old, and the NBA loves to make money off these kind of situations. So long as colleges are not paying their athletes, which many do in forms of scholarships and performance incentives, college basketball will continue to lose its battle against the NBAâ€℠¢s appeal to young athletes. In this society education is no longer the most rewarding stable of success, instead it’s how many rings you have on your finger and how many video games you have named in your honor.

Emily Dickinson’s Success is Counted Sweetest Essay

Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"Success is Counted Sweetest† has been penned in iambic trimeter with the exception of the first two lines of the second stanza. The poem highlights aphoristic truths that are universal. In the first stanza, Emily Dickinson endeavors to define the true essence of success. The general impression is that success can be ‘counted’ by only those who have experienced it numerous times. Nevertheless, it is more precisely evaluated or counted by those who have never succeeded as they can apprehend its true value. In another poem, â€Å"I Had Been Hungry, All the Years†, Emily Dickinson writes that â€Å"Hunger-was a way / Of Persons outside Windows- / The Entering-takes away-â€Å". For the true experience of life, failures are inevitable. For, what we learn from our failures, success can never teach us. The alliteration with the repetition of the ‘s’ sound lays emphasis on ‘success’. Success also tastes sweeter to the person who has persevered very hard for it, than to a person who has found success effortlessly. The former is also more thankful to God, and cherishes his accomplishment. The word ‘nectar’ here implies water. However, it is perception that renders it ‘nectar’. To the thirsty ones with parched throats, a drop of water tastes as sweet as nectar. Here ‘sorest’ is utilized with reference to its old meaning ,that is ‘greatest’.Only the one in the direst need, can treasure any sort of sanction. Not one of all the purple host Who took the flag to-day Can tell the definition, So clear, of victory! Some people define success by virtue of positions that they acquire and assume in life. The poetess asserts how none of the purple leaders who took the flag to-day could describe what victory actually meant. The act of victory in such a stance of winning a battle is limited to the act of taking away a flag. It also points to the worldly act of hoisting a flag. Arundhati Roy in â€Å"The End of Imagination† toys with the word ‘successful’.She echoes how the meaning of the word ‘successful’ depends upon perception. For instance,a soldier who dies at war is deemed by others to be ‘unsuccessful’.Roy points out that it does not necassarily mean that the soldier is in any way ‘unfulfilled’. The poetess highlights the word ‘to-day’ to underline the presentness and transiency of the situation. ‘Purple’ is the colour of royalty because the fine clothes/robes of kings and emperors were dyed purple; and also connotes ‘blood’. It was the trend that dynasties ruled over some countries .Being born to a royal family, one could never realize how difficult it was to achieve that position as it naturally came to them as a heirloom .Shakespeare said: Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon ’em. (Twelfth Night Quote Act ii. Scene 5.)Of these,only those who achieve it comprehend its worth according to Dickinson. As he, defeated, dying, On whose forbidden ear The distant strains of triumph Burst agonized and clear! In the above lines, the poetess exemplifies the frenzy of success, that one loses consciousness in. He loses the ability to evaluate himself objectively. In such a context, the person who loses the battle and is dying can perceive it better. The dying man’s ears are not ‘forbidden’. The figure of speech utilized here is a’ transferred epithet’ .Rather what is forbidden to his ears is the sound of success, as he belonged to the defeated side. He is successful in that he can realize the futility of war, and the meaningless of success as the speaker in Wilfred Owen’s â€Å"Strange Meeting’ does. The word ‘strain’ in â€Å"strains of triumphs’ may be used as a pun in the above phrase. Here,the victory may also be ‘strained’. The idea of distance and defeat is suggested by the alliteration of the ‘d’ sound. Moreover, the one who is caught in the noise and fury of success cannot ,in fact hear its sound. The one who serenely lies away can perceive it better. It does not manifest itself subtly, but does† Burst agonized and clear!† Rukhaya, M. (2012, October 07). Poetry analysis: Emily dickinson’s â€Å"success is counted sweetest†. Retrieved from http://voices.yahoo.com/poetry-analysis-emily-dickinsons-success-counted-

Gratitude Quotes That Come Straight From the Heart

Gratitude Quotes That Come Straight From the Heart Jean Baptiste Massieu, the famous deaf educator, made a statement that is now considered a French proverb. He said, Gratitude is the memory of the heart. Indeed, appreciation comes when you feel grateful from the depths of your heart. The head keeps an account of all the benefits you received and gave. But the heart records the feelings of appreciation, humility, and generosity that one feels when someone showers you with kindness. In addition, gratitude and empathy are some of the attitudes that can help you achieve happiness, according to five psychology studies that can help restore your faith in humanity.   Express Gratitude at Every Opportunity Even a small act of kindness deserves a thanks. You cannot weigh the nobility of the act against intentions to decide whether or not to show your gratitude. So what if your friend helped you get a job only because he wanted you to return the favor? So what if you think that he could have helped you get a better job? It is your moral obligation to express gratitude. In the words of Alfred Painter, saying thank you is more than good manners. It is good spirituality. Ralph Marston Make it a habit to tell people thank you. To express your appreciation sincerely and without the expectation of anything in return. Truly appreciate those around you, and you’ll soon find many others around you. Truly appreciate life, and you’ll find that you have more of it. Maya Angelou I want to thank you, Lord, for life and all that’s in it. Thank you for the day and for the hour, and the minute. Toni Mont To say thank you is in recognition of humanity. Joseph Adisson Gratitude is the best attitude. There is not a more pleasing exercise of the mind than gratitude. It is accompanied with such an inward satisfaction that the duty is sufficiently rewarded by the performance. Fred De Witt Van Amburgh None is more impoverished than the one who has no gratitude. Gratitude is a currency that we can mint for ourselves, and spend without fear of bankruptcy. Edwin Arlington Robinson Two kinds of gratitude: The sudden kind we feel for what we take; the larger kind we feel for what we give. Lionel Hampton Gratitude is when memory is stored in the heart and not in the mind. Oscar Wilde The smallest act of kindness is worth more than the grandest intention. James Matthew Barrie Those who bring sunshine to the lives of others cannot keep it from themselves. Gordon T. Watts The depth and the willingness with which we serve is a direct reflection of our gratitude. John Wooden Things turn out best for people who make the best of the way things turn out. John F. Kennedy As we express our gratitude, we must never forget that the highest appreciation is not to utter words, but to live by them. Alice Walker Thank you is the best prayer that anyone could say. I say that one a lot. Thank you expresses extreme gratitude, humility, understanding. Courtland Milloy Nothing purchased can come close to the renewed sense of gratitude for having family and friends. Benjamin Franklin To the generous mind, the heaviest debt is that of gratitude, when it is not in our power to repay it. Ralph H. Blum There is a calmness to a life lived in gratitude, a quiet joy. Melody Beattie Gratitude unlocks the fullness of life. It turns what we have into enough, and more. It turns denial into acceptance, chaos to order, confusion to clarity. It can turn a meal into a feast, a house into a home, a stranger into a friend. Terri Guillemets As each day comes to us refreshed and anew, so does my gratitude renew itself daily. The breaking of the sun over the horizon is my grateful heart dawning upon a blessed world. G. B. Stern Silent gratitude isnt much use to anyone.

Free Essays on Merwin

The Language of Nature W.S. Merwin’s poems are of great lyrical intensity, concerned with darkness and light, the seasons, and the passing of time across landscapes. His lyrics capture the spiritual heartbreak of our time. He illustrates the bittersweet joys of vanishing wilderness in Native Trees, anger at our political wrong-doings in Term, and the emotions that memory can generate in Hearing the Names of the Valley’s. Merwin uses trees as a symbol of identity, specifically Hawaiian identity, in Native Trees. The first line states, â€Å"Neither my father or mother knew the names of the trees where I was born† (pg. 1). The child is curious to know about his culture and past, in which knowing these things forms identity. By asking questions about the trees, the child can have a greater sense of his identity. The parents do not answer his questions about the trees because they do not know the answers to them. â€Å"Both my father and mother said they never knew† (pg. 1). The reason to why they might not know the answers may be that the parents have never questioned the â€Å"trees† as their child does. It appears that they have accepted the deterioration of their Hawaiian identity while their child longs to find it. â€Å"There were no questions, They had forgotten†. The attention of their fingers were focused on the surfaces of furniture (pg. 1). Merwin portrays trees to be more than just a habitat of the land but as important as one’s identity. Merwin conveys, in the simplicity of language, a sense of political urgency using nature to represent the loss of the Hawaiian’s land. Merwin expressed the idea that nature was a part of everyone and the moment that you decided to harm a part of nature, you were, in actuality, destroying a part of yourself (video in class). In Term, the road, once walked upon by generations of men, represents Hawaii’s land. The people that have taken away this land cannot see that it is more than... Free Essays on Merwin Free Essays on Merwin The Language of Nature W.S. Merwin’s poems are of great lyrical intensity, concerned with darkness and light, the seasons, and the passing of time across landscapes. His lyrics capture the spiritual heartbreak of our time. He illustrates the bittersweet joys of vanishing wilderness in Native Trees, anger at our political wrong-doings in Term, and the emotions that memory can generate in Hearing the Names of the Valley’s. Merwin uses trees as a symbol of identity, specifically Hawaiian identity, in Native Trees. The first line states, â€Å"Neither my father or mother knew the names of the trees where I was born† (pg. 1). The child is curious to know about his culture and past, in which knowing these things forms identity. By asking questions about the trees, the child can have a greater sense of his identity. The parents do not answer his questions about the trees because they do not know the answers to them. â€Å"Both my father and mother said they never knew† (pg. 1). The reason to why they might not know the answers may be that the parents have never questioned the â€Å"trees† as their child does. It appears that they have accepted the deterioration of their Hawaiian identity while their child longs to find it. â€Å"There were no questions, They had forgotten†. The attention of their fingers were focused on the surfaces of furniture (pg. 1). Merwin portrays trees to be more than just a habitat of the land but as important as one’s identity. Merwin conveys, in the simplicity of language, a sense of political urgency using nature to represent the loss of the Hawaiian’s land. Merwin expressed the idea that nature was a part of everyone and the moment that you decided to harm a part of nature, you were, in actuality, destroying a part of yourself (video in class). In Term, the road, once walked upon by generations of men, represents Hawaii’s land. The people that have taken away this land cannot see that it is more than...

How to become a good leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

How to become a good leader - Essay Example A lot of researches have been done to understand the definition and essence of leadership, to identify the differences between the managers and the leaders. Management of organizational behavior defines leaders as the "Men and women who saw the need for action, believed in what they were doing, inspired others and, in spite of incredible odds, changed the world." (Hersey, Blanchard & Johnson, 1). Many theories and meanings of leaders and leadership have been developed throughout the world. All these theories have not been providing with same results however they do agree on certain grounds. All the theories agree that a leader has a clear set of goals and is capable of setting examples. He is a person with strong beliefs and vision for the future. A leader bravely voices his opinions and takes actions on his beliefs and passions. Leadership is a quality or ability that a person possesses to influence and guide others. There are various theories that define and explain leadership. The major ones are the Trait theory, Behavioral theory, Contingency theory and the Transformational theory. The Traits theory identifies certain traits or behavior in a person. This theory believes that human are born with the traits of becoming a leader. The theory suggests that if a person posses the specified traits he is a leader. The Behavioral theory suggests that leaders have a specific behavior towards their followers and that makes them distinct from others. This theory specifies the style and the behavior of the leaders. The contingency theory acts as the critic of the above theories and specifies that the styles and the traits of the individuals can be different in different dynamic situations. This theory suggests that the leaders are defined by their activities and abilities. The characteristics or the behaviors cannot be defined or specified. The transformational theory stresses on the effective interaction of the leaders with their

Higher education policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Higher education policies - Essay Example Thus, this paper will specifically focus on the policies of higher education system of one of the countries of the African continent, South Africa. In particular, the paper will focus on the process of policies development in South African higher education system while discussing the responses of higher education institutions regarding the alterations in the mode of curricula after policy developments in the country. Lastly, the researcher will put efforts to conclude the paper while proposing some recommendations that will be beneficial for the higher education system in the coming years. In addition, it is anticipation that such discussion and deliberation on higher education system of South Africa and its process of education policies formation will enlighten readers with differences in the policy formulation and its implementation in real scenarios. Furthermore, this paper will provide critical observations that will enable the experts in prioritise future educational policies Analysis of the literature (Johnson, 1996) has indicated that since beginning, public institutions have been dominating the higher education system in South Africa; however, since a decade, there has been an increment in the number of private institutions, an indication of successful policy alteration implementation. Moreover, there have been reports (Bitzer, 2009) of private-public partnerships as well in the same sector that points toward the growth of the higher education system. In particular, besides public institutions, according to the statistics of the year 2004, private educational institutions had approximately eighty-five thousand students in different academic programs all over the country (Bitzer, 2009). In addition, foreign educational institutions have also begun to operate in South African that is another indication of success in the policy